Lingovo
Learn English
Back to C1 Lessons
C1 AdvancedC1-01Grammar

Relative Clauses

The neighborhood, which used to be quiet, has changed. The park where I used to hang out is still there.

30 minutesListening · Grammar · Quiz · Puzzle

In this lesson

  • Use defining relative clauses to specify which person, place, or thing you mean
  • Add extra information with non-defining relative clauses using commas
  • Choose the right relative pronoun: who, whose, which, that, where, when
  • Omit relative pronouns naturally in conversation when they are in object position
  • Use where, when, and why to replace in which, at which, and for which
  • Form advanced structures with prepositions before whom and which
Listening script

Four Real-World Conversations

Defining and non-defining relative clauses in natural conversations about neighborhoods, nightlife, travel, and camping.

Listen to the full lesson

Audio voices are AI-generated.

Conversation 1

Back in My Old Neighborhood

  1. Beth

    I’m so excited to see the neighborhood where you grew up.

  2. Tony

    Well, a lot has changed since I lived here, so it may not look the way I remember it.

  3. Beth

    Still, it must feel a little like home.

  4. Tony

    Not as much as you might think. The house where I grew up is no longer there.

  5. Beth

    Oh, that’s too bad. What happened to it?

  6. Tony

    The land that the house was sitting on was sold to a company that built a new stadium.

  7. Beth

    That’s such a shame. Was the house already in bad condition?

  8. Tony

    No, it was actually one of the few houses in the area that had been well maintained.

  9. Beth

    So the whole neighborhood has changed?

  10. Tony

    Pretty much. The neighborhood, which used to be quiet and affordable, has been completely gentrified.

  11. Beth

    How do you feel about that?

  12. Tony

    I have mixed feelings. The area was run down, but many of the families who lived here could no longer afford to stay.

  13. Beth

    Is there anything from your childhood that is still here?

  14. Tony

    The school that I attended is still open, and the park where I used to hang out hasn’t changed much.

  15. Beth

    I’d love to see them. Places that are connected to someone’s childhood usually tell you a lot about them.

  16. Tony

    Sure. We can swing by, although they’re not much to write home about.

Grammar focus

Defining relative clauses with who, that, and whereNon-defining relative clauses with whichRelative clauses with a stranded preposition
Speed
Conversation 2

At the New Club

  1. Beth

    What do you think of the new club that opened downtown?

  2. Tony

    The place itself is impressive, but the music they’re playing isn’t really my taste.

  3. Beth

    I know what you mean. The last song they played was much better, though.

  4. Tony

    Yes, it was one of the few songs that I actually recognized.

  5. Beth

    The people who are dancing seem to be enjoying everything the DJ plays.

  6. Tony

    They certainly do. Do you know the woman who’s dancing near the stage?

  7. Beth

    Yes, that’s Maya, the friend who invited us here tonight.

  8. Tony

    And who’s the guy she’s dancing with?

  9. Beth

    I’m not sure. He might be someone who works with her.

  10. Tony

    They look as though they’ve known each other for years.

  11. Beth

    Maya can make anyone she meets feel like an old friend.

  12. Tony

    That’s a useful skill in a place where most people don’t know each other.

  13. Beth

    Would you like to dance before we leave?

  14. Tony

    I’d rather not. Dancing is one of those things that I’ve never felt comfortable doing.

  15. Beth

    Fair enough. There’s a quieter room upstairs where we can sit and talk.

  16. Tony

    That sounds much better. Let’s find Maya first, so she knows where we’re going.

Grammar focus

Defining relative clauses with who, that, and whereOmitting the object relative pronounRelative clauses with a stranded preposition
Speed
Conversation 3

Planning a Trip to San Francisco

  1. Beth

    Tony, you’re from San Francisco, aren’t you?

  2. Tony

    That’s right. It’s the city where I was born and raised. Why do you ask?

  3. Beth

    My family and I are going there on holiday, and I was hoping you could recommend a few places.

  4. Tony

    The first place I’d suggest is Muir Woods, which is famous for its enormous redwood trees.

  5. Beth

    That’s already on our list. We’re looking for somewhere that the children will enjoy as well.

  6. Tony

    In that case, you should visit Fisherman’s Wharf, where you can see the sea lions that gather near the pier.

  7. Beth

    That sounds perfect. Is there anything else nearby that’s worth visiting?

  8. Tony

    The Presidio is another place I’d recommend. It’s a large park that lies next to the Golden Gate Bridge.

  9. Beth

    I read about that. Apparently, there are bikes that visitors can rent to explore the park and cross the bridge.

  10. Tony

    Yes, and there are audio guides that you can download, which explain the history of the area.

  11. Beth

    My father, who loves history, would really enjoy that.

  12. Tony

    Then he might also like the old military buildings that have been preserved inside the park.

  13. Beth

    Great suggestion. Are there any local dishes that we shouldn’t miss?

  14. Tony

    You should try a clam chowder bread bowl, which is served inside a hollow loaf of sourdough bread.

  15. Beth

    That sounds delicious. Is there a restaurant that you particularly recommend?

  16. Tony

    There’s a small place near the waterfront that my family has been going to for years.

  17. Beth

    Perfect. These are exactly the kinds of recommendations that I was hoping for.

  18. Tony

    I’ll send you a list that includes the addresses and the best times to visit.

Grammar focus

Defining relative clauses with that and whereNon-defining relative clauses with who, which, and whereCommas in non-defining relative clauses
Speed
Conversation 4

Camping Skills

  1. Beth

    Thanks for inviting me to go camping with you. This is exactly the kind of weekend that I needed.

  2. Tony

    I’m glad you came. The last thing I wanted was to spend the whole weekend out here alone.

  3. Beth

    You know I go camping all the time. The years that I spent in the army taught me how to survive in the wild.

  4. Tony

    That explains why you’re so calm. I’m the kind of person who starts worrying as soon as it gets dark.

  5. Beth

    You’ll be fine. This is a campsite where experienced hikers often stay, so it’s relatively safe.

  6. Tony

    That’s reassuring. At least the food that I brought should keep us happy.

  7. Beth

    It’s surprisingly good. How long did it take you to prepare everything?

  8. Tony

    Almost no time at all. Most of the food we’ve eaten was bought from a store that sells ready-made camping meals.

  9. Beth

    So the dinner that I thought you had cooked was actually prepared by someone else?

  10. Tony

    Exactly. Cooking over a fire is one of those skills that I’ve never managed to learn.

  11. Beth

    It sounds like you need to improve your survival skills. There are several things that I could teach you.

  12. Tony

    Such as?

  13. Beth

    I could show you how to start a fire, find water that is safe to drink, and choose a place where you can shelter from the wind.

  14. Tony

    Those are useful skills, but I prefer equipment that does most of the work for me.

  15. Beth

    What would you do in a situation where your phone and credit card were useless?

  16. Tony

    I’d stay close to someone who had spent years learning how to survive in the wild.

  17. Beth

    So that’s the real reason you invited me.

  18. Tony

    Let’s just say you’re the person whose experience makes this trip much less dangerous.