Relative Clauses
The neighborhood, which used to be quiet, has changed. The park where I used to hang out is still there.
In this lesson
- Use defining relative clauses to specify which person, place, or thing you mean
- Add extra information with non-defining relative clauses using commas
- Choose the right relative pronoun: who, whose, which, that, where, when
- Omit relative pronouns naturally in conversation when they are in object position
- Use where, when, and why to replace in which, at which, and for which
- Form advanced structures with prepositions before whom and which
Four Real-World Conversations
Defining and non-defining relative clauses in natural conversations about neighborhoods, nightlife, travel, and camping.
Listen to the full lesson
Audio voices are AI-generated.
Back in My Old Neighborhood
- Beth
I’m so excited to see the neighborhood where you grew up.
- Tony
Well, a lot has changed since I lived here, so it may not look the way I remember it.
- Beth
Still, it must feel a little like home.
- Tony
Not as much as you might think. The house where I grew up is no longer there.
- Beth
Oh, that’s too bad. What happened to it?
- Tony
The land that the house was sitting on was sold to a company that built a new stadium.
- Beth
That’s such a shame. Was the house already in bad condition?
- Tony
No, it was actually one of the few houses in the area that had been well maintained.
- Beth
So the whole neighborhood has changed?
- Tony
Pretty much. The neighborhood, which used to be quiet and affordable, has been completely gentrified.
- Beth
How do you feel about that?
- Tony
I have mixed feelings. The area was run down, but many of the families who lived here could no longer afford to stay.
- Beth
Is there anything from your childhood that is still here?
- Tony
The school that I attended is still open, and the park where I used to hang out hasn’t changed much.
- Beth
I’d love to see them. Places that are connected to someone’s childhood usually tell you a lot about them.
- Tony
Sure. We can swing by, although they’re not much to write home about.
At the New Club
- Beth
What do you think of the new club that opened downtown?
- Tony
The place itself is impressive, but the music they’re playing isn’t really my taste.
- Beth
I know what you mean. The last song they played was much better, though.
- Tony
Yes, it was one of the few songs that I actually recognized.
- Beth
The people who are dancing seem to be enjoying everything the DJ plays.
- Tony
They certainly do. Do you know the woman who’s dancing near the stage?
- Beth
Yes, that’s Maya, the friend who invited us here tonight.
- Tony
And who’s the guy she’s dancing with?
- Beth
I’m not sure. He might be someone who works with her.
- Tony
They look as though they’ve known each other for years.
- Beth
Maya can make anyone she meets feel like an old friend.
- Tony
That’s a useful skill in a place where most people don’t know each other.
- Beth
Would you like to dance before we leave?
- Tony
I’d rather not. Dancing is one of those things that I’ve never felt comfortable doing.
- Beth
Fair enough. There’s a quieter room upstairs where we can sit and talk.
- Tony
That sounds much better. Let’s find Maya first, so she knows where we’re going.
Planning a Trip to San Francisco
- Beth
Tony, you’re from San Francisco, aren’t you?
- Tony
That’s right. It’s the city where I was born and raised. Why do you ask?
- Beth
My family and I are going there on holiday, and I was hoping you could recommend a few places.
- Tony
The first place I’d suggest is Muir Woods, which is famous for its enormous redwood trees.
- Beth
That’s already on our list. We’re looking for somewhere that the children will enjoy as well.
- Tony
In that case, you should visit Fisherman’s Wharf, where you can see the sea lions that gather near the pier.
- Beth
That sounds perfect. Is there anything else nearby that’s worth visiting?
- Tony
The Presidio is another place I’d recommend. It’s a large park that lies next to the Golden Gate Bridge.
- Beth
I read about that. Apparently, there are bikes that visitors can rent to explore the park and cross the bridge.
- Tony
Yes, and there are audio guides that you can download, which explain the history of the area.
- Beth
My father, who loves history, would really enjoy that.
- Tony
Then he might also like the old military buildings that have been preserved inside the park.
- Beth
Great suggestion. Are there any local dishes that we shouldn’t miss?
- Tony
You should try a clam chowder bread bowl, which is served inside a hollow loaf of sourdough bread.
- Beth
That sounds delicious. Is there a restaurant that you particularly recommend?
- Tony
There’s a small place near the waterfront that my family has been going to for years.
- Beth
Perfect. These are exactly the kinds of recommendations that I was hoping for.
- Tony
I’ll send you a list that includes the addresses and the best times to visit.
Camping Skills
- Beth
Thanks for inviting me to go camping with you. This is exactly the kind of weekend that I needed.
- Tony
I’m glad you came. The last thing I wanted was to spend the whole weekend out here alone.
- Beth
You know I go camping all the time. The years that I spent in the army taught me how to survive in the wild.
- Tony
That explains why you’re so calm. I’m the kind of person who starts worrying as soon as it gets dark.
- Beth
You’ll be fine. This is a campsite where experienced hikers often stay, so it’s relatively safe.
- Tony
That’s reassuring. At least the food that I brought should keep us happy.
- Beth
It’s surprisingly good. How long did it take you to prepare everything?
- Tony
Almost no time at all. Most of the food we’ve eaten was bought from a store that sells ready-made camping meals.
- Beth
So the dinner that I thought you had cooked was actually prepared by someone else?
- Tony
Exactly. Cooking over a fire is one of those skills that I’ve never managed to learn.
- Beth
It sounds like you need to improve your survival skills. There are several things that I could teach you.
- Tony
Such as?
- Beth
I could show you how to start a fire, find water that is safe to drink, and choose a place where you can shelter from the wind.
- Tony
Those are useful skills, but I prefer equipment that does most of the work for me.
- Beth
What would you do in a situation where your phone and credit card were useless?
- Tony
I’d stay close to someone who had spent years learning how to survive in the wild.
- Beth
So that’s the real reason you invited me.
- Tony
Let’s just say you’re the person whose experience makes this trip much less dangerous.